![]() We gave the trainers access to model-written suggestions to help them compose their responses. We trained an initial model using supervised fine-tuning: human AI trainers provided conversations in which they played both sides-the user and an AI assistant. We trained this model using Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF), using the same methods as InstructGPT, but with slight differences in the data collection setup. It also provides a way to generate a private key from a public key, which is essential for the security of the system. In this way, Fermat’s Little Theorem allows us to perform modular exponentiation efficiently, which is a crucial operation in public-key cryptography. To decrypt the message, the recipient simply computes m = c b m o d n m = c^b \bmod n m = c b mod n, which (by Fermat’s Little Theorem) is equivalent to m = ( m a ) b m o d n = m ( a b ) m o d n = m 1 m o d n = m m o d n m = (m^a)^b \bmod n = m^(ab) \bmod n = m^1 \bmod n = m \bmod n m = ( m a ) b mod n = m ( ab ) mod n = m 1 mod n = m mod n. To encrypt a message with the user’s public key ( n, a ) (n, a) ( n, a ), we first convert the message into a number m m m (using some agreed-upon scheme), and then compute the encrypted message c c c as c = m a m o d n c = m^a \bmod n c = m a mod n. This means that when we multiply a a a and b b b together, the result is congruent to 1 1 1 modulo n n n. The user’s private key would be the pair ( n, b ) (n, b) ( n, b ), where b b b is the modular multiplicative inverse of a modulo n n n. The user’s public key would then be the pair ( n, a ) (n, a) ( n, a ), where aa is any integer not divisible by p p p or q q q. We might choose two large prime numbers, p p p and q q q, and then compute the product n = p q n = pq n = pq. For example, suppose we want to generate a public-key cryptography system for a user with the initials “ABC”. One way to generate these keys is to use prime numbers and Fermat’s Little Theorem. In a public-key cryptography system, each user has a pair of keys: a public key, which is widely known and can be used by anyone to encrypt a message intended for that user, and a private key, which is known only to the user and is used to decrypt messages that have been encrypted with the corresponding public key. One of the most common applications is in the generation of so-called “public-key” cryptography systems, which are used to securely transmit messages over the internet and other networks. Advertising revenue is necessary to fund the powerful machines required for Cleverbot's AI, and we ask that you do not use ad blockers.Īdvertisers will never know the contents of your conversations, but their own cookies, if your browser and its settings allow, may be used to track activity and purchasing behaviour across multiple sites, and such information may mean that you sometimes see personalised ads.Fermat’s Little Theorem is used in cryptography in several ways. 'Third Party' cookies may be set and read by the code of advertisements on this site. Again, these are not shared with any third parties. If you create and sign in to a Cleverbot social account on the blue bar at the top, additional cookies will store your account identifier and signed in status. These 'first party' cookies are not shared with any other parties, and are used only for the purpose of Cleverbot serving. ![]() Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our Privacy Policy and Terms and Conditions.Ĭ uses cookies to store an anonymous identifier for, and recent lines of, the conversation you hold, plus preferences you choose while using the site. Publish snippets - snips! - for the world to seeĬomments or suggestions? Please do let us know. Tweak how the AI responds - 3 different ways! When you sign in to Cleverbot on this blue bar, you can: Using them you can share snippets of chats with friends on social networks. The AI can seem human because it says things real people do say, but it is always software, imitating people. Many people say there is no bot - that it is connecting people together, live. The program chooses how to respond to you fuzzily, and contextually, the whole of your conversation being compared to the millions that have taken place before. Things you say to Cleverbot today may influence what it says to others in future. The site started in 2006, but the AI was 'born' in 1988, when Rollo Carpenter saw how to make his machine learn.
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